The origins, identity and political behaviors of the Karians remain the subject of intense discussion among specialists. The political organization of Western Asia Minor during the 4th century BC offers an opportunity to explore such questions; it was during this period that local dynasts, the Hekatomnids, reached a position of authority in the region that allowed them to fully express their political ambitions and to promote their own material culture. Analyses of various aspects of this material culture have led scholars to describe the Hekatomnids in very different ways. They have been portrayed both as Persian dynasts and Proto-Hellenistic Kings, although they were neither Greek nor Persian. This ambiguity is the result of attempts to approach the cultural identity of 4th century Karia in the light of the cultural power of its neighbors, rather than as the result of an intricate process of cultural interaction that included both local traditions and foreign borrowings. Hekatomnid Karia is representative of the complex phenomenon of hybrid cultures that would later flourish in the Hellenistic World. Gathering specialists on Karian research, each offering a different approach, this book aims to cover a wide number of sources, from archaeological to geographical and historical. The collection of essays provides an interdisciplinary perspective, intended to revitalize discussions of the cultural dynamics relevant to 4th century Karia.